ADJUSTMENT SPEED OF DEBT MATURITY: EVIDENCE FROM FINANCIAL CRISES IN EAST ASIA
Abstract
We investigate the change in adjustment speed of debt maturity for East Asian firms between 1990 and 2017 by including two exogenous shocks: the Asian Financial Crisis 1997-1998 (AFC) and the Global Financial Crisis 2007-2009 (GFC). We employ the least square dummy variable correction and find that East Asian firms have a slower adjustment of long-term debt over time. Besides, the decrease in adjustment speed of long-term debt after the GFC is more compared to the decrease after the AFC. Further analysis shows the optimal debt maturity differs across countries and industries. Another important implication of our results is that firms in high governance countries are more likely to close the gap between the actual and target debt maturity in time. Overall, debt holders and investors should consider financial uncertainties.
Downloads
References
Alves, P., & Francisco, P. (2015). The Impact of Institutional Environment on the Capital Structure of Firms during Recent Financial Crises. The Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance, 57, 129-146.
Arslan-Ayaydin, O., Florackis, C., & Ozkan, A. (2014). Financial Flexibility, Corporate Investment and Performance: Evidence from Financial Crises. Review of Quantitative Finance and Accounting, 42, 211-250.
Attig, N., Boubakri, N., El Ghoul, S., & Guedhami, O. (2016). The Global Financial Crisis, Family Control, and Dividend Policy. Financial Management, 45, 291-313.
Bae, K. H., & Goyal, V. K. (2009). Creditor Rights, Enforcement, and Bank Loans. The Journal of Finance, 64, 823-860.
Barnea, A., Haugen, R. A., & Senbet, L. W. (1980). A Rationale for Debt Maturity Structure and Call Provisions in the Agency Theoretic Framework. The Journal of Finance, 35, 1223-1234.
Blundell, R., & Bond, S. (1998). Initial Conditions and Moment Restrictions in Dynamic Panel Data Models. Journal of Econometrics, 87, 115-143.
Brick, I. E., & Liao, R. C., (2017). The Joint Determinants of Cash Holdings and Debt Maturity: The Case for Financial Constraints. Review of Quantitative Finance and Accounting, 48, 597-641.
Campello, M., Graham, J. R., & Harvey, C. R. (2010). The Real Effects of Financial Constraints: Evidence from a Financial Crisis. Journal of Financial Economics, 97, 470-487.
Coldbeck, B., & Ozkan, A. (2018). Comparison of Adjustment Speeds in Target Research and Development and Capital Investment: What Did the Financial Crisis of 2007 Change. Journal of Business Research, 84, 1-10.
D’Amato, A. (2020). Capital Structure Debt Maturity and Financial Crisis: Empirical Evidence from SMEs. Small Business Economics, 55, 919-941.
Dang, T. L., Dang, V. A., Moshirian, F., Nguyen, L., & Zhang, B. (2019). News Media Coverage and Corporate Leverage Adjustments. Journal of Banking & Finance, 109, 105666.
Dang, V. A., Kim, M., & Shin, Y. (2015). In Search of Robust Methods for Dynamic Panel Data Models in Empirical Corporate Finance. Journal of Banking & Finance, 53, 84-98.
DeAngelo, H., & Roll, R. (2015). How Stable are Corporate Capital Structures? The Journal of Finance, 70, 373-418.
Demirgüç-Kunt, A., Peria, M. S. M., & Tressel, T. (2020). The Global Financial Crisis and the Capital Structure of Firms: Was the Impact more Severe among Smes and Non-Listed Firms? Journal of Corporate Finance, 60, 101514.
Duchin, R., Ozbas, O., & Sensoy, B. A. (2010). Costly External Finance, Corporate Investment, and the Subprime Mortgage Credit Crisis. Journal of Financial Economics, 97, 418-435.
Fan, J. P., Titman, S., & Twite, G. (2012). An International Comparison of Capital Structure and Debt Maturity Choices. Journal of Financial and quantitative Analysis, 47, 23-56.
Fischer, E. O., Heinkel, R., & Zechner, J. (1989). Dynamic Capital Structure Choice: Theory and Tests. The Journal of Finance, 44, 19-40.
Flannery, M. J., & Hankins, K. W. (2013). Estimating Dynamic Panel Models in Corporate Finance. Journal of Corporate Finance, 19, 1-19.
Flannery, M. J., & Rangan, K. P. (2006). Partial Adjustment Toward Target Capital Structures. Journal of Financial Economics, 79, 469-506.
Freund, R. J., Wilson, W. J., & Sa, P. (2006). The Analysis of Means. In Altland H.W. Regression Analysis: Statistical Modelling of a Response Variable. 2nd edition, Academic Press: USA 17-26.
Gonzalez, V. M. (2015). The Financial Crisis and Corporate Debt Maturity: The Role of Banking Structure. Journal of Corporate Finance, 35, 310-328.
Gürkaynak, R. S., & Wright, J. H., (2012). Macroeconomics and the Term Structure. Journal of Economic Literature, 50, 331-67.
Ivashina, V., & Scharfstein, D. (2010). Bank Lending During the Financial Crisis of 2008. Journal of Financial Economics, 97, 319-338 .
Jensen, M. C., & Meckling, W. (1976). Theory of The Firm: Managerial Behaviour, Agency Costs, and Capital Structure. Journal of Financial Economics, 3, 305-360.
Kraus, A., & Litzenberger, R. H. (1973). A State-Preference Model Of Optimal Financial Leverage. The Journal of Finance, 28, 911-922.
Leland, H. E., & Toft, K. B. (1996). Optimal Capital Structure, Endogenous Bankruptcy, and the Term Structure of Credit Spreads. The Journal of Finance, 51, 987-1019.
Lozano, M. B., & Yaman, S. (2020). The Determinants of Cash Flow Sensitivity of Cash: The Family Ownership Effect. Research in International Business and Finance, 101204.
Mimouni, K., Temimi, A., Goaied, M., & Zeitun, R. (2019). The Impact of Liquidity on Debt Maturity After a Financial Crisis: Evidence from the Gulf Cooperation Council Region. Emerging Markets Finance and Trade, 55, 181-200.
Modigliani, F., & Miller, M. H. (1958). The Cost of Capital, Corporate Finance and Theory of Investment. The American Economic Review, 48, 261-97.
Myers, S. C. (1977). Determinants of Corporate Borrowing. Journal of Financial Economics, 5, 147-175.
Ozkan, A. (2000). An Empirical Analysis of Corporate Debt Maturity Structure. European Financial Management, 6, 197-212.
Ozkan, A. (2002). The Determinants of Corporate Debt Maturity: Evidence from UK Firms. Applied Financial Economics, 12, 19-24.
Sawicki, J. (2009). Corporate Governance and Dividend Policy in Southeast Asia Pre-And Post-Crisis. The European Journal of Finance, 15, 211-230.
Song, K., & Lee, Y. (2012). Long-Term Effects of a Financial Crisis: Evidence from Cash Holdings of East Asian Firms. Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis, 617-641.
Tekin, H. (2020a). How Optimal Cash Changed by the Global Financial Crisis? A Multi-Country Analysis. Economics and Business Letters, 9, 114-123.
Tekin, H. (2020b). Market Differences and Adjustment Speed of Debt, Equity, and Debt Maturity. Australian Journal of Management. https://doi.org/10.1177/0312896220968266
Tekin, H., & Polat, A. Y. (2020a). Is Saving Vital? Evidence from the Financial Crisis. Economics and Business Letters, 9, 124-134.
Tekin, H., & Polat, A. Y. (2020b). Do Market Differences Matter on Dividend Policy? Borsa Istanbul Review. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bir.2020.10.009
Tsoy, L., & Heshmati, A. (2019). Impact of Financial Crises on the Dynamics of Capital Structure: Evidence from Korean Listed Companies. The Singapore Economic Review, 1950049.
Turk-Ariss, R. (2016). Legal Systems, Capital Structure, and Debt Maturity in Developing Countries. Corporate Governance: An International Review, 24, 130-144.
Van Hoang, T. H., Gurău, C., Lahiani, A., & Seran, T. L. (2018). Do Crises Impact Capital Structure? a Study of French Micro-Enterprises. Small Business Economics, 50, 181-199.
Vermoesen, V., Deloof, M., & Laveren, E. (2013). Long-Term Debt Maturity and Financing Constraints of SMEs during the Global Financial Crisis. Small Business Economics, 41, 433-448.
Zeitun, R., Temimi, A., & Mimouni, K. (2017). Do Financial Crises Alter the Dynamics of Corporate Capital Structure? Evidence from GCC Countries. The Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance, 63, 21-33.
Copyright (c) 2021 Buletin Ekonomi Moneter dan Perbankan
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Buletin Ekonomi Moneter dan Perbankan / Bulletin of Monetary Economics and Banking is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.